Female infertility is discussed more often than male infertility. However, in about 50% of cases, difficulties with conception are linked to men’s health.
What causes male infertility?
Male infertility is most often associated with changes in sperm quality, including a low sperm count, reduced motility (movement), or abnormal sperm structure. In some cases, the problem is not with the sperm cells themselves but with a disruption in how they are transported.
There can be many underlying causes, including:
- Varicocele (enlarged veins in the testicles).
- Hormonal imbalances.
- Infections or inflammatory diseases.
- Genetic factors.
- Complications from injuries or surgeries.
- Obesity.
- Smoking or excessive alcohol use.
- Overheating of the testicles (for example, frequent sauna use or hot baths).
Because there are so many potential causes, it is not always possible to determine the exact reason for infertility.
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In most cases, male infertility has no noticeable symptoms, and men often feel completely healthy. Occasionally, symptoms such as scrotal pain or discomfort, decreased libido, or erectile dysfunction may occur, but these are not always present.
As a result, the main diagnostic test is a semen analysis (often called a spermiogram), a laboratory examination of the ejaculate.
When to see a doctor
If pregnancy does not occur within one year of regular, unprotected intercourse — or within six months if the woman is over 35 — both partners should be evaluated.
Men should consult a urologist or andrologist, who can order a semen analysis and additional tests if necessary.
Can male infertility be treated?
In many cases, yes. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:
- Medications.
- Hormone therapy.
- Surgery to correct conditions such as varicocele.
- Lifestyle changes.
Even in cases of severe infertility, modern reproductive technologies can often make pregnancy possible.
When infertility cannot be cured
In some situations, the underlying cause cannot be fully corrected. Examples include severe genetic conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities, congenital absence of the vas deferens, or severe damage to the testicles caused by trauma, infections, or chemotherapy.
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In such cases, sperm may be completely absent from the semen — a condition known as azoospermia — and medications may not be effective. Doctors may recommend assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), or the use of donor sperm. However, in many situations, doctors can still find ways to fertilize an egg using the patient’s own sperm.
A common condition — and nothing to be ashamed of
Male infertility is relatively common and should not be a source of shame. The earlier a couple undergoes testing, the greater the chances of identifying and addressing the cause.
Even when the underlying condition cannot be cured, becoming a father may still be possible with the help of modern medical technologies.
