Kazakhstan’s shadow economy was estimated at 16.71% of GDP in 2024, down nearly one percentage point from the previous year, according to the Bureau of National Statistics. However, the Supreme Audit Chamber says the methodology for assessing the so-called non-observed economy is flawed and that government efforts to combat it remain insufficient.
Non-observed economy in 2024
In late July 2025, the Bureau of National Statistics (BNS) updated its estimate of Kazakhstan’s non-observed economy (NOE). The shadow sector declined from 17.58% to 16.71% of GDP in 2024, a drop of 0.87 percentage points (p.p.). In current prices, that amounts...