Heartburn is a common experience — a burning sensation or chest discomfort after a heavy meal, coffee or spicy food. In most cases, it’s temporary. But when it becomes frequent, it may indicate an underlying condition.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a chronic condition caused by the repeated backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
What causes GERD
Between the esophagus and the stomach is a muscular valve known as the lower esophageal sphincter. Normally, it closes after food passes through. If this function is impaired, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, irritating its lining.
GERD is typically suspected if:
- Heartburn occurs two or more times a week.
- Symptoms persist for several consecutive weeks.
- There is a sour taste in the mouth, frequent belching or a sensation of a lump in the throat.
- Discomfort interferes with sleep or daily activities.
In some cases, GERD may present with less obvious symptoms, such as a chronic cough, hoarseness or chest pain.
When to see a doctor
If you suspect GERD, start by consulting a primary care physician, who can evaluate your symptoms and recommend initial treatment.
If symptoms persist or worsen, you may be referred to a specialist in Gastroenterology. Further evaluation may include a gastroscopy — a procedure using a flexible camera to examine the esophagus and stomach — as well as adjustments to treatment or screening for complications.
Seek immediate medical care if you experience:
- Difficulty swallowing.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Vomiting blood or black stools.
- Severe chest pain.
Treatment and lifestyle changes
Most cases of GERD can be effectively managed with lifestyle adjustments, including weight loss (if needed), avoiding late-night meals, and limiting fatty or spicy foods, caffeine and alcohol. Elevating the head of the bed can also help reduce nighttime symptoms.
Common medications include proton pump inhibitors such as Omeprazole and Pantoprazole, which reduce stomach acid production and allow the esophageal lining to heal.
